Effects Of Anatomical Parts Of Ephedra Sinica - 1978 Words

Ephedra (Ma Huang) is a genus of plant, most commonly derived from the dried herbaceous stems of the Chinese species, Ephedra sinica (Figure 1a and 1b). The natural plant source produces six Ephedra alkaloids, chemicals which are considered to be the active constituents of the plant; ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, methylephedrine and methylpsuedoephedrine (Figure 2) (Veitch et al., 2013). The presence and concentrations of these alkaloids depends primarily on the plant species, origin, growing conditions, and the raw plant material processing, with most species largely containing ephedrine and pseudoephedrine (Haller et al., 2004). Metabolomic studies have shown that anatomical parts of Ephedra sinica have different therapeutic pharmacological effects and for this reason, have been used for different purposes in medicine. This was demonstrated by Lv et al (2015), who used GC-MS to compare the concentrations of Ephedra sinica in the stems (Ma Huang) and in the roots (Mahuanggen) of different plant samples. It was concluded that the pharmacologically important ephedrine alkaloids were present in higher quantities in the stems. This is why Ephedra herb, sold as dry stems of Ephedra sinica, has been used as a commercial source of ephedrine alkaloids worldwide, in particular Europe and America (Lee 2011). Ephedrine is a ÃŽ ²-phenylethylamine widely used as a sympathomimetic in herbal preparations. The structure of ephedrine possesses two

Mental Health Issues Concerning Refugees - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1982 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Refugees Essay Did you like this example? Refugees are at a higher risk for mental disorders than any other population. The Gale Encyclopedia of Public Health defines refugees as individuals who have been displaced from their home or native countries due to various reasons such as: war, drought, and natural disasters (Nienstedt). Refugees exposure to war, trauma, violence and extreme torture throughout premigration and during their escape makes them very susceptible to mental health issues. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Mental Health Issues Concerning Refugees" essay for you Create order Common mental health problems that affect refugees are post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety. There are very few programs in place to aid refugees with mental health disorders. The number of health care resources available to refugees is extremely limited, and within this limitation, the inability of medical professionals to appropriately treat immigrant trauma victims is becoming an increasing issue worldwide. The lack of resources and efforts to treat refugees and their mental health issues are the main contributing factor to high mortality rates due to suicide. Refugees are prone to a variety of different mental disorders. Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, in an article from The US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, concludes that based on testing and analysis, refugees are at an extremely higher risk for psychiatric disorders than any other population worldwide. This increased risk stems from exposure to war, violence, torture, and forced banishment. Trauma as a result of torture is the leading cause of mental health disorders for refugees (Kirmayer et al.). Many other significant factors are contributing to mental health disorders that are often not considered. The Gale Encyclopedia of Public Health reveals that women are often victims of rape along with being victims of patriarchal and abusive gender-power schemas within many refugee camps. Sexual assault is a common occurrence in refugee camps and can cause detrimental issues concerning mental conditions (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder, stress, and anxiety) (Niens tedt). Writing for the Journal of Traumatic Stress, authors Joanne Haldane and Angela Nickerson from The University of New South Wales School of Psychology underscore the seriousness of this issue by revealing evidence which reinforces that interpersonal trauma, such as torture and sexual assault, is associated with a heightened risk for the development of psychological disorders among refugees (457). Haldane and Nickerson also write that there is a significant relationship between women who have endured interpersonal trauma and mental disorders such as PTSD and anxiety (460). Sexual assault can be an underlying cause of multiple different mental disorders present in female refugees brought upon by traumatic events. Immigrants experience horrifying and violent situations that can become burned into memory and create life-long problems. Fortunately, there are small strides towards a solution to the mental health crisis concerning refugees throughout the world, but much more still needs to be done. Nienstadt reports that refugees living in overfilled immigration camps receive emergency medical health care at best, meaning refugees are most likely not treated by physicians, but emergency medical professionals who do not address the full extent of refugees medical conditions. They also face many difficulties with health care resources outside immigration camps due to language barriers, financial issues, etc. (Nienstedt). The mental health crisis affecting refugees affects populations internationally. Immigrants in refugee camps are almost all completely dependent on international aid and charity, which is far too much for any host nation to handle. In an effort to solve this international financial issue, organizations such as The World Health Organization (WHO), the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the Disaster Mental Health Institute and the University of South Dakota have come together to form The Rapid Assessment of Mental Health Needs of Refugees, Displaced and Other Populations Affected by Conflict and Post-Conflict Situations Available Resources (RAMH). RAMH is considered a diagnostic tool that helps medical professionals and other personnel working in refugee support roles more effectively assess the mental health needs of refugees and other displaced persons (Nienstedt). RAMH is a solution to this financial problem because although there are huge costs to creating and maintaining international refugee programs, the loss of life due to suicide and medical consequences for refugees who are not receiving adequate mental health care cost nations even more money (Nienstedt). Writing for the World Health Organization, Mary Petevi, Dr. Jean Pierre Revel and Dr. Gerard A. Jacobs explain that, based on the results of the RAMH diagnostic tool, immediate and longer-term community based mental health programs can be formed for refugees suffering from a mental illness. Medical professionals closely involved in the analysis of the results will undergo proper training to expand their knowledge on mental health (8). The potential programs created based off of the RAMH results will hopefully increase the condition of immigrants mental health and help them adjust to postmigration life. These programs are a small step in solving the extreme mental health crisis, but there is still a large amount of work that needs to be done to resolve this issue and treat mental illnesses in victims of immigration. Along with prevention programs, there needs to be better access to health care and well-trained physicians. Mental health care is a specific, limited branch of health care and when granted, it is usually inappropriately given. The inability of medical professionals to appropriately diagnose and treat mental disorders is contributing to a large number of patients presenting. A significant problem associated with the quality of care given to refugees is the frequently present language barrier. Most immigrants do not fluently speak the language of the country they are migrating to which presents itself as a problem when trying to receive any health care. In a 2016 Health Evidence Synthesis Report, authors Stefan Priebe, Domenico Giacco, and Rawda El-Nagib, who are part of the World Health Organization, reveal that a mental health diagnosis was not made in more than half of all initial assessments of asylum seekers (11). This lack of diagnoses results from the inability to understand a patients symptoms and concerns through an interpreter, who can only hear a patients words, instead of underst anding what theyre feeling, which can lead to a false diagnosis. This poor language efficiency can negatively influence the effectiveness of psychological treatments (12). The treatments given to refugees can be inaccurate or unnecessary, but the language barriers do not allow medical professionals to accurately understand their patients symptoms to make a correct diagnosis. Although there is an abundance of information available on the issues associated with the language barriers, there is little information on solutions being created to fix these issues. Another major issue associated with the inappropriate treatment in mental health is the lack of trust most refugees possess for public health organizations. Priebe, Giacco and El-Nagib explain the reasoning behind this lack of trust in a Health Evidence Synthesis Report. Refugees are afraid to trust the medical professionals because of their premigration experiences of prosecution and/or a fear of being reported to authorities (12). This fear and mistrust can lead to patients withholding important information about medical issues and concerns out of fear, which can eventually lead to even worse consequences. On top of physician-patient issues, there are issues involved with physician care that desperately need solutions. Authors Ramin Asgary from the New York University School of Medicine and Clyde L. Smith from Harvard School of Medicine reveal that there are moral and professional obligations to train health professionals in treating trauma victims that the Convention Against Tortu re has set. However, physician training to treat trauma victims rarely ever occurs. Asgary and Smith estimate that only 6% of all medical students receive an hour or more of formal training regarding torture (3). Most refugees are victims of torture, so the revelation that only six percent of medical professionals have had the proper training to appropriately assess the refugee population is alarming and is a huge factor contributing to the high rates of suicide due to mental health. Mental health disorders, if not diagnosed and treated correctly, can lead to suicide. High suicide rates make it extremely important for medical professionals dealing with immigrant trauma victims to be adequately trained to assess and handle mental illnesses of all types, but this training is evidently not occurring. An article in The Atlantic written by Danielle Preiss supports this claim by explaining that many Bhutanese refugees that have migrated to the United States have committed suicide due to mental illness. Suicide became so frequent that the Federal Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) began to notice this pattern and performed extensive research on the deceased refugees with hopes of discovering the cause of this alarming number. By completing psychological autopsies on the deceased individuals, the ORR discovered that twenty-one percent of them had been struggling with depression. This is close to three times the amount of the regular United States population (Preiss). T hese numbers are evidence that the mental health issues of refugees are potentially linked to an increased mortality rate. Completion of proper training by mental health care professionals and creation of mental health programs could prevent suicides. This is just a small piece of evidence supporting the fact that something urgently needs to be done to help refugees through their mental health disorders and provide more effective treatments. Suicide should not be taken lightlyâ€Å"something drastically needs to change. Refugees are prone to mental health disorders more than any other population in the world. Within the research done on this topic, there was little to no mention of any international mental health policies concerning refugees. Various populations of refugees have been studied and, compared to general populations of different countries, refugees are at a much higher risk for a mental disorder. These findings should indicate a need for prevention and adjustment programs to new countries to avoid the onset of mental disorders, yet close to none are. Due to this inadequate amount of effort to prevent mental health disorders in refugees, mortality rates due to suicide have increased. Training programs need to be put in place for medical professionals treating refugees, along with the creation of international policies protecting refugees right to mental health care resources. These changes would significantly reduce suicide rates. There is not enough being done to decrease suicide rates; there are an estimated sixteen million refugees worldwide, and with the linkage to suicide rates there is the appropriate question of how many more refugee suicides due to depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, or anxiety need to occur in order for someone to stand up and do something about it. Works Cited Asgary, Ramin and Clyde L. Smith. Ethical and Professional Considerations Providing Medical Evaluation and Care to Refugee Asylum Seekers. American Journal of Bioethics, vol. 13, no. 7, July 2013, pp. 3-12. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/1526161 .2013.794876 Haldane, Joanne, and Angela Nickerson. The Impact of Interpersonal and Noninterpersonal Trauma on Psychological Symptoms in Refugees: The Moderating Role of Gender and Trauma Type. Journal of Traumatic Stress, vol. 29 no.5, Oct. 2016, pp. 457-465. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1002/jts.22132 Kirmayer, Laurence J et al. Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: general approach in primary care CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de lAssociation medicale canadienne vol. 183,12 (2011): E959-67. Nienstedt, Andrea. Refugee Health. Gale Encyclopedia of Public Health, edited by Gale, 1st edition, 2013. Credo Reference, https://proxy-lhup.klnpa.org/login?url=https:// search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galegph/refugee_health/0?institutionId=8905. Petevi, Mary, Dr. Jean Pierre Revel, and Dr. Gerard A. Jacobs. Rapid Assessment of Mental Health Needs of Refugees Displaced and Other Populations Affected by Conflict and Post-Conflict Situations. https://www.who.int. World Health Organization, n.d. Web. Preiss, Daniell. Bhutanese Refugees are Killing Themselves at an Astonishing Rate. The Atlantic, 13 April 2013, www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/04/bhutanese- refugees-are-killing-themselves-at-an-astonishing-rate/274959/ Priebe, S., D. Giacco and R. El-Nagib. Public Health Aspects of Mental Health Among Migrants and Refugees: A Review of the Evidence on Mental Health Care for Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Irregular Migrants in the WHO European Region. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2016. (Health Evidence Network Synthesis Report, No. 47.) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK391045/

Best Podcasts for Law Students

Blogs can be helpful for new law students, but many people enjoy listening to podcasts as well. Podcasts can be a great way to get information and give your very tired eyes a break from reading online. To help you update your podcast subscriptions, here is a list of some of the best podcasts for law students. Best Law Podcasts Enchanting Lawyer Podcast: This podcast is hosted by Jacob Sapochnick who runs his own solo practice and focuses on helping lawyers understand how to run and grow a business. Tips will be shared for using social media to grow your business and general marketing tips. Gen Why Lawyer Podcast: This weekly podcast is hosted by Nicole Abboud who interviews Gen Y attorneys who are accomplishing great things in their legal careers. She also talks to non-practicing attorneys who are using their legal knowledge to explore other ventures. Law School Toolbox Podcast: The Law School Toolbox podcast is an engaging show for law students about law school, the bar exam, legal careers, and life. Your hosts Alison Monahan and Lee Burgess offer practical tips and advice on academic matters, careers, and more. You might not always agree with them, but you won’t be bored listening. The goal is to impart useful, actionable advice in an entertaining manner. Lawpreneur Radio: This podcast is hosted by  Miranda McCroskey  who hung out her shingle over ten years ago to found her own firm. Her goal is to create a community where members are both lawpreneurs who’ve figured out how to successfully start their own firm and the vendors who support them. If you are ever thinking of hanging out your own shingle, check this out. Lawyerist Podcast: The  Lawyerist  is a popular legal blog and is also a podcast. In this weekly podcast, the hosts Sam Glover and Aaron Street chat with lawyers and interesting people about innovative business models, legal technology, marketing, ethics, starting a law firm, and much more.​ Legal Toolkit Podcast: This podcast is a  comprehensive resource for professionals in law practice management. Your hosts Heidi Alexander and Jared Correia invite forward-thinking lawyers to discuss the services, ideas, and programs that have improved their practices. Legal Talk Network:  The Legal Talk Network is an online media network for legal professionals that produces a large number of podcasts on a variety of different legal topics. The programs are available on-demand through various channels, including on the Legal Talk Network website, iTunes, and iHeartRadio. The flagship show called  Lawyer 2 Lawyer  has over 500 shows for you to listen to and download. If you are looking for a podcast to fill some extra commute or downtime, this may be the one for you. Resilient Lawyer: This podcast is hosted by Jeena Cho who offers mindfulness training for lawyers and is the author of The Anxious Lawyer. Jeena interviews a number of attorneys who share their stories about practicing law and finding a path to happiness. Thinking Like a Lawyer: This podcast is brought to you by the folks at Above the Law. Your hosts are Elie Mystal and Joe Patrice. They discuss a variety of topics, promising an entertaining and fun listen for those interesting in talking about the world through a legal lens.

A First Rate Madness Uncovering The Links Between...

A First-Rate Madness: Uncovering the Links Between Leadership and Mental Health By Nassir Ghaemi Inverse Law of Sanity: â€Å"This book argues that in at least one vitally important circumstance insanity produces good results and sanity is a problem. In times of crisis, we are better off being led by mentally ill leaders than mentally normal ones.† (Pg. 3, intro) Dr. Ghaemi attempts to draw a connection between leadership and mental illness in his book, A First-Rate Madness. He uses historical figures as case studies to support his conclusions on the benefits of mental illness, in specific, depression and mania. He observes four qualities supposedly derived from mental illness: realism, resilience, empathy, and creativity; these elements apparently â€Å"promote crisis leadership.† The historical figures discussed include General William Sherman, Ted Turner, Winston Churchill, Abraham Lincoln, Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., John F. Kennedy, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Adolf Hitler, among other less significant cases. Dr. Ghaemi asserts that his approach is not psychohistory – a discredited field of psychology (he also actively refutes any association with Freud’s psychoanalytic approach). Instead, he claims that he uses historical case studies, evaluates their sickness, and then derives his support from the cases. In diagnosing historical figures, he uses symptoms, genetics, course of illness, and treatment as guidelines. For many of these cases, Dr. Ghaemi pieces informationShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesValues 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 OrganizationalRead MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 PagesFormal Process 4 The Positioning School Strategy Formation as an Analytical Process ix 1 23 47 81 5 The Entrepreneurial School Strategy Formation as a Visionary Process 123 6 The Cognitive School Strategy Formation as a Mental Process 149 7 The Learning School Strategy Formation as an Emergent Process 175 8 The Power School Strategy Formation as a Process of Negotiation 233 9 The Cultural School Strategy Formation as a Collective Process 263 Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesapplication and consideration of how managment practice is formed and shaped by ideas and concepts. The authors have brought their wealth of experience and understanding and provided the field with an imaginative resource to address the dynamics between theory and practice. Dr Susanne Tietze, Bradford University, UK The key to success for managers is not only to be result oriented but also to be wise in their decision making. This requires that they have a deeper than superficial understanding of

Comparing Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism Essay

Comparing Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism Works Cited Not Included The belief in some higher presence, other than our own, has existed since man can recollect. Religion was established from this belief, and it can survive and flourish because of this belief. In Chinese history, Taoism and Buddhism are two great philosophical and religious traditions along with Confucianism. Taoism, originated in China around the sixth century BCE and Buddhism, came to China from India around the second century of the Common Era, Together have shaped Chinese life and thought for nearly twenty-five hundred years. One dominant concept in Taoism and Buddhism is the belief in some form of reincarnation. The idea that life does not end when one dies is†¦show more content†¦Eventually the hope is to become immortal, to achieve Tao, to have reached the deeper life. The desire for immortality sharply contrasts Buddhist values; the Buddhist appreciates impermanence above all else. The after life for a Taoist is to be in harmony with the unive rse, to have achieved Tao (Watts, 1957). To understand the relationship between life, and the Taoism concept of life and death, the origin of the word Tao must be understood. The Chinese character for Tao is a combination of two characters that represent the words head and foot. The character for foot represents the idea of a persons direction or path. The character for head represents the idea of conscious choice. The character for head also suggests a beginning, and foot, an ending. Thus the character for Tao also conveys the continuing course of the universe, the circle of heaven and earth. This is similar in Buddhism, where wheels and circle symbols are prevalent, representing continuity, and the cyclic nature of the world. Finally, the character for Tao represents the Taoist idea that the eternal Tao is both moving and unmoving. The head in the character means the beginning, the source of all things, or Tao itself, which never moves or changes; the foot is the movement on the p ath (Schipper, 1978). Taoism upholds the belief in the survival of the spirit after death. This is something most Buddhist practitioners either disagree with entirely, orShow MoreRelatedEssay about Comparing Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism1019 Words   |  5 PagesComparing Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism 4. Compare and contrast Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. How are they similar? How are they different? -Question 4. Buddhism Has over 300 million members, and was founded around 2, 500 years ago in India. The founder is Gautama Siddhartha, the Buddha, or referred to as the Enlightened One. Their major scripture are The Triptaka, Anguttara-Nikaya, Dhammapada, Sutta-Nipata, Samyutta-Nikaya and many others. 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Also, Mahayana Buddhism requires a body of scripture, and so began the Mahayana Canon (Voorst ). Mahayana Sutras is one of section of the Mahayana Canon, which focuses on the denial of the reality of existence and nonexistenceRead MoreChin The Four Noble Truths1353 Words   |  6 Pageswhich opened the way to the spread of Buddhism. Before this new way of life could take hold, however, the Chinese people had to learn the teachings of Buddha, such as the first sermon preached by Buddha in the fifth century B.C.E., known as â€Å"The Four Noble Truths.† Although Buddhism eventually became popular throughout China, there was opposition to the new beliefs and Chinese people struggled with replacing their old beliefs, such as Confucianism and Taoism, with this new, strange belief systemRead MoreEast Asian Concept Of Human Nature 1715 Words   |  7 PagesEast Asian Concept of human nature Introduction The Eastern Asia region is diverse. It include: Buddhism, Confucianism, Islam, Taoism, Shinto and Christianity. Confucianism and Buddhism and Taoism have dominated most parts of the region with some states governing system being based on these religions. Chinese government, constitution and the administration policies have been based on the ethics of Confucian traditions and ethics as well as philosophy. Similar to the governing ethics in these regionRead More Comparing the Philosophy of Life in Christianity and Chinese Buddhism820 Words   |  4 PagesComparing the Philosophy of Life in Christianity and Chinese Buddhism Chinese Philosophy not only is the fruit of thinking of the Chinese nation, but also is the important component part of world culture. In Chinese philosophy, there are three main parts: Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. 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Washington Dc In Opposition Of Imf And free essay sample

World Bank Essay, Research Paper On Saturday, April 15, dissenters gathered in Washington DC in resistance of the IMF and World Bank. The two establishments were to hold their spring meeting this weekend and the about 10 thousand dissenters, whose chief point is the riddance of poorness, paraded down the streets of DC The dissenters feel that what the IMF and World Bank do non see the short term effects of their proposals for economic growing, which include unemployment and increased poorness. The dissenters feel that the lone people profiting from such thoughts are the big corporations. Fortunately, though many were arrested, none were earnestly injured, as was the instance with dissenters in Seattle in November. This was due to the fact that the Washington constabulary prepared good in progress, procuring the appropriate edifices every bit good as buying new public violence cogwheel. This event is an illustration of a societal motion. This was merely an organized group of people that gathered for the intent of def ying alteration ( In this instance, the schemes discussed by the aforesaid establishments ) through their corporate action. We will write a custom essay sample on Washington Dc In Opposition Of Imf And or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Specifically, this type of societal motion is called a opposition motion, because this group was in resistance to alter of a certain facet of our society. The chief ground why militants gathered in protest on Saturday was to expose the World Bank and IMF patterns and policies that the dissenters believe have led to the devolution of the environment and the societal want in the developing world. One protester was quoted â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere,† as she is a member of George Washington Students Against Sweatshops. However, as passionate as they were, few protesters actually got violent and many were arrested before anything erupted. The dominant emotion of the event was anger, but the people were not actively hostile. The crowd was simply voicing their opinion on the issues of globalization, and manifesting the potential repercussions that the actions of the two institutions may have. The emotions throughout the protest were definitely negative, but anger or frustration seemed to run consistently throughout. The event continues through Sunday afternoon, though consequences of the event thus far have been slight if any. Many people were arrested, the main charge being parading without a permit. The meeting between the World Band and the IMF was not even disturbed during the protest, as police had barricaded s ome fifty blocks around these buildings. The protesters in this case were rather non-violent in nature, and the police were quite peaceful when they did have to arrest someone. This protest was quite tame in comparison to the one in Seattle last November. I believe that this is due to the advanced planning of the police in securing the area before people even gathered to protest. I believe that the protester’s message has been heard through the large amount of publicity that they have received, and that has made the protest successful.

Article Review for African American Culture- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theArticle Review for African American Culture. Answer: Rap Music was mainly popularized by the acts of Tupac Shakur and Notorious BIG in the 1990s. Their controversial style and lyrics helped bring a new genre of music to the forefront of the entertainment industry, going on to become one of the most popular forms of American music and culture.This kind of music has been listened and enjoyed allover the world for atleast a decade. The origins of rap may be traced back to Herc in 1973. However, they are deeply rooted in American slave past and the African heritage of its main players, who have led to the music genre being regarded as the CNN of blacks. The main message in the article is that rap music is an important form of music which is an authentic form of African American culture. It is descended from African Griotos, who communicated knowledge and wisdom. At the same time, the article helps in showing the importance of rap music as a form of resistance for the subjugated African American working class in the United States. While the article is very well written, it nonetheless has an underlying bias in it. The author does not look at the controversies revolving around rap music and the different ways in which it has come to be known. Rather, the focus is almost entirely on the positive side of the music genre. Although the author bieng optimistic in the article is a good thing as it encourages and gives rap a good opinion to those who dont appreciate it for one reason or another. This bias may lead the reader to take rap music as a particularly noble form of music, which does not have any ties to things such as violence, sexism and other vices. Rather, it is portrayed as resistance music dedicated to emancipating African Americans from the position they find themselves in. The biggest takeaway form the article revolves around the origins of rap music. Its origins stretch back beyond the current rand that is most popular with people. It can be seen as an important form of communication, in which members of society with wisdom and knowledge try to pass on this message to the others. Secondly, it can be seen as a form of communication in an era where the race is under oppression, political, economic or otherwise. It is therefore a legitimate and powerful response to oppression. Thirdly, the genre is a product of African heritage, linked to the slavery era, as well as the origin of slaves in West Africa, where socially- conscious messages were passed through different methods including songs. The proliferation of rap music among the African American community has been replicated elsewhere in other types of music. It has however evolved over time, from being a strong political expression mode to being more about entertainment.