An Overview Of Phytoremediation Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(58) the activity of both phytosiderophores and phytochelatins. Phytoremediation is a lot of dormant engineerings using green workss to take contaminations from the earth to a great extent soil and land H2O, eating up only sun based vitality. One of a kind organic systems in workss like their capacity to take-up and hive away poisonous defilements, change overing harmful pollutions to less unsafe substances and the cooperative relationship of workss with bugs in their rhizosphere are examined and applied fitting to the status of the site to be remediated. Plants are utilized in such a way, that natural poisons are expelled, debased or immobilized bringing about solid nation locales for better and all the more great utilization. We will compose a custom paper test on An Overview Of Phytoremediation Environmental Sciences Essay or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Appropriate pick of workss is made. On the off chance that all of import factors sing the remediative activity of workss are kept in head so the degradation or remotion of hurtful synthetic concoctions from earth and H2O can be quickened using any fit technique for Phytoremediation. Phytoremediation has ever been an underestimated designing and much going to was n’t given to it until extremely late when effective endeavors of taking substantial metals ; like arsenous anhydride, nickel, raw petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides and other harmful synthetic concoctions from soil and land H2O were accounted for with the use of workss. Phytoremediation is the use of workss to take poisons from the earth or to secret them to less destructive mixes ( Gleba et al, 1999 ) . Plants are utilized in such a way, that ecological poisons are evacuated, debased or immobilized bringing about solid nation locales for better and all the more great utilization. Blends of various engineerings are applied for effectiveness yet the point of convergence ever stays on speed uping corruption of natural defilements and on remotion of dangerous overwhelming metals in earth or H2O. The metals focused in Phytoremediation incorporate lead, Cd, Cr, arsenic and radionuclides ( Raskin et al, 1997 ) . In Phytoremediation the interest to arrange off the changed stuff to some topographic point else is exhumed along these lines doing the technique simpler. Phytoremediation should be possible at the truly site of spoil known as in-situ like close to the surface soils or in the profound spring. The choice is that soil or H2O tests from the nation to be dealt with can be isolated and Phytoremediation can be applied on them, this is known as ex-situ. Instances of the last one incorporate separated ground H2O or surface H2O ( Agarwal, 2005 ) . Presently researchers are taking intense inclusion in Phytoremediation and to pass on in spotlight increasingly about this works hereditary sciences are other than being taken into history. There is no vulnerability that in moving toward mature ages Phytoremediation will go one of the majority of import of every green building. Systems OF PHYTOREMEDIATION Plants do Phytoremediation due the many intriguing and utile belongingss that they have like the capacity to pull out and concentrate grouped mixes from nature. Others utilize the smaller scale life forms these days in Rhizosphere ; zone around the root, to ship out phytoremediative activity. Microbial Activity in the root nation: Microbes which can make phytoremediative move are available in the rhizosphere. These incorporate both bacteriums and Fungis which make a harmonious relationship with workss. This instrument of Phytoremediation is named as Phytostimulation. Plants discharge specific bio-improving mixes into the earth which animate the bioactivity of bugs. These exudations are actually a start of C and N since they generally incorporate Amino acids, saccharides, polyoses, phenols and flavinoids. They bolster the developing of bugs that debase harmful mixes. Root frameworks other than give a high O content which empowers bugs to blast simple. Organisms and different gatherings of bugs discharge extracellular catalysts which other than help the system as Rhizosphere microbic corruption. Unadulterated developments of Pseudomonas fluorscens and Chyrsobacterium indologenes found in rhizosphere can corrupt mefenoxan, an antifungal to free corrosive in approx. 54 hours ( Pai et al, 2001 ) . The proficiency of rhizosphere corruption by bugs relies on the types of workss included on the grounds that each work connects with bugs in its ain way ( Shaan and Boyle, 1994 ) . Root exudate straight impacts the activity of bugs on pollutions. In the event that pollutions are stomach muscle/adsorbed or taken-up by works roots more, their bioavailability to microbic network lessenings. Wetting operators whenever included ; increment bioavailability of defilements to organisms. Hay works was concentrated in four diverse benchmark groups: Planted diesel-sullied and uncontaminated earth, and Un-planted Diesel polluted and uncontaminated soil ( Kim et al, 2006 ) . After an adjustment clasp of 7 hebdomads the remotion proficiency apparently was 82.5 % in profound established diesel-sullied pot while in mass earth of rest of the controls it was approx. 59.4 % . Microbial action augmentations in polluted soil the same number of earth bacteriums and hydrocarbon debas ers can blast. Microbial populace is significantly influenced by the contaminant itself when contrasted with the works roots, on the grounds that the pollution is a supplement starting for the bugs. 2. Hyperaccumulation of substantial metals: Some workss take expel poisons expecially overwhelming metals and metalloids and so forth from soil and H2O by taking-up and hive awaying them as in Phytoextraction. This works tissue can be gathered and rewarded along these lines on by ashing, purifying, drying or fertilizing the soil ( Raskin et al, 1997 ) . Metallic components can even be recouped from the debris which decreases unsafe waste what's more gives us a metal asset that can be quickly utilized. Numerous hyperaccumulating workss as often as possible do non take up each piece a great part of the defilement as they can in light of the fact that it is incredibly sorbed on the soil so is non bioavailable to the works root. For representation Brassica juncea has the familial capacity to move up lead yet it despite everything does non get a lot of lead into its biomass when developed in tainted earth. Use of chelating specialists like EDTA a couple yearss before yield can eliminate down this position of missing bioavailability. Iron-Chelating mixes like Phytosiderophores can be applied to filthy which can activate Cu, Zn and Mn each piece great ( Raskin et al, 1997 ) . Phytochelatins have been seen as proficient chelators of As in Holcus lanatus ( Raab et al, 2004 ) . Biostimulants can simply be added to messy in light of the fact that they play out the activity of both phytosiderophores and phytochelatins. You read An Overview Of Phytoremediation Environmental Sciences Essay in c lassification Exposition models These incorporate humic substances, lactic corrosive oligomers ( Kinnersley, 1992 ) , reductases discharged from works roots ( Welch et al, 1992 ) and earth souring protons ( Crowley et al, 1991 ) . When the metal has been solubilized it is taken up by the roots. Plants have established transporter frameworks for the particles that it needs to take up like sultr 1 ; 2 sulfate transporter for Se or selenate particle. Vague metal particle bearers and channels are available ( Clarkson and Luttge, 1989 ) and the obviously required particles and contaminant metal particles in soil seek these channels on the off chance that they look like fundamentally ( Cosio et al, 2003 ) . Apoplastic ( extracellular ) or symplastic ( intracellular tract ) is embraced for the transport of metals through the root and into the shoot by means of the xylem tissue. They travel with the xylem sap towards the foliages and are stacked in the foliages and shoot. Metallic components might be put away in various kinds of cells of the foliage like the mesophyll or the cuticular cells. Arabidopsis halleri shops Zn in its mesophyll cells ( Kupper et Al, 2000 ) . The signifier where the metal is put away alongside relies upon the works in certain examples. Pteris vitatta transports arsenite particle more speedily to the fronds than arsenate particle ( Wang et al, 2002 ) . In certain occurrences, while the harmful metals are being moved to the foliages they might be changed over to less poisonous signifiers by complex arrangement or transmutation. This falls in the class of phytotransformation. Endogenous works mixes experience chelation with the poisons subsequently changing their harmful belongingss. Isolation or capacity of metal pollutions to a great extent happens in the vacuole off from any cell metabolic tract that it might disturb. The metal particles as often as possible stay in the cell-divider when the metal-ligand complex base on ballss however to come in progress cell on account of the negative charges that the cell-divider holds ( Peer et al, 2005 ) . Isolation may occur in various compartments of the cell divider and in the vacuole changing from attempts to works. For delineati on in Pteris vittata Arsenic is sequestered in extra-cell and sub-cell compartments while in Holcus lanatus isolation happens in vacuole. 3. Ingestion of defilements by works roots: This component of utilization of pollutions in roots is reliant on the high surface nation biofiltration framework shaped by the roots and is extremely effective in abdominal muscle/adsorbing toxins especially from H2O. This is every now and again named as Rhizofiltration and is picked to take harmful defilements from H2O frameworks like waterways or horticultural count away set up, mechanical releases and nuclear squanders and so on ( Salt et al, 1998 ) . Above all else the workss are given a little entirety of the defilements so as to adapt or oblige them. Once the workss are adjusted to that stuff and can retain it they are moved to the existent site where they take up each piece a significant part of the defilement as they can. When the roots are soaked the workss are reaped. Plants with large root nation are favored in light of the fact that the entire methodology is subject to absorbing and surface osmosis on the roots. There are openings that wholesome cons

Love Health Services Administration by Strayer Term Paper

Love Health Services Administration by Strayer - Term Paper Example Clinical school enrolments add to accessible medical attendants just as the hindrances in the field which impacts the gracefully. Dispersion of specialists and request the expansion in the quantities of the matured that require consideration requires an increment sought after of the doctor in the related regions. Subsequently, deficiencies raise prompting quiet burden among the accessible doctors because of interest for clinical consideration. The lopsided dissemination of doctors additionally represents the deficiencies. Numerous country territories are underserved by the administrations offered by specialists who don't participate in rustic life or know about the money related emergency in these regions. The specialists then again focus much on improving their public activity and take an interest less practically speaking which influences the interest for their administrations. The doctors additionally pick the more rewarding and well-paying fields in specialization than those that agreement low compensation along these lines influencing their dissemination in the field just as in the medical clinics (Cassels and Janovsky, 2001). Poor workplace low installment joined with long working hours has prompted less interests by researchers to seek after the course. Some case that it offers less distinction and less family time just as increasingly regulatory cerebral pains. Doctors experience terrible conditions at work, poor compensation, low impetuses and outside impact in their course of work which expands the change from open to private oversaw medical clinics (Afo, Thomason and Karel, 2006). Deficiencies in resources and framework the quantity of qualified candidates for the nursing courses has decreased enormously because of absence of resources. In addition, overview led uncovers that just about 66% of the nursing schools do not have the important study halls space, clinical destinations, spending imperatives, clinical preceptors and number of resources. Discoveries uncover that the complete number of resources accessible joined with the apportioned positions miss the mark concerning

A comparative study of extreme Islamic terrorist groups Essay - 1

A similar investigation of outrageous Islamic fear based oppressor gatherings - Essay Example Individuals who do psychological oppressor exercises never officially don't distinguish themselves as adversaries nor are they constrained by any political element (Roy Long, 2004, pp. 1-4). Fear mongering is arranged between ideological, national and religion. The explanations for the fear based oppressor assaults are political control, strict zeal and celestial disclosure (Durmaz, 2007, p.209). The injury of fear made by the psychological militant hugy affects the United States. US of America is known as an amazing nation on the planet particularly concerning its army installation. U.S.A has responded emphatically against the demonstration of psychological oppression and has taken all measures to forestall them. The United States faces country frailty, inferable from psychological warfare and its effect on American culture. Fear mongering was predominant on the planet from numerous decades however in a little structure. In any case, the discernment towards fear based oppression to a great extent changed after the September 11 episode that happened in United States in the year 2001. It stunned the whole world particularly the individuals of America began experiencing country instability. US made an extreme stride in changing laws and arrangements. A few government offices were consolidated to manufacture the Department of Homeland Security. A huge number of dollars were spent for the development of the U.S Patriot Act which helps in ferreting out planned hoodlums and fear based oppressor acts. Current enemy of fear based oppression laws which started far and wide began after the September 11 episode. US was assaulted by the fear monger bunch called al-Qaeda. This gathering is generally well known for its zeal and fierce methodology of fear based oppression. This gathering for the most part follows up bas ed on strict motivation instead of political way of thinking. The nations that have just experienced psychological warfare, for the most part denounces people for criminal offense than politicized wrongdoing. Prior to 9/11, U.S.A had

Topic To Write A Synthesis Essay On

Topic To Write A Synthesis Essay OnDo you think there are topics to write a synthesis essay on? Topics to write a synthesis can range from race relations to domestic politics and much more.For example, if I asked you to write a thesis on race relations you would be expected to show an understanding of the issues at hand, how they are related, and how they intersect with each other. If you don't know about what is being discussed in the class then you should find another topic to write about. Your own understanding is the most important thing to have when it comes to these subjects.A topic for a dissertation is to show your ability to demonstrate your understanding of a subject that is of use to others. You must be able to discuss your understanding of the topic in an interesting way and provide your readers with something that makes them want to learn more. If you can't do this then you shouldn't even bother writing a dissertation.Another common topic to write a thesis is economics. There are many different topics that you can use to write a thesis in order to show your knowledge of economics. For example, people who are more educated than you should understand a topic like Money or Trade better than you because they have the experience that you don't.One final topics to write a thesis on is that of Feminism. If you are a feminist, you need to show that you understand the views of women and how they view the world. Knowing that there are different views on how a woman should view society and other views that women should have can show your knowledge of the different ideas that women have on the subject.The truth is that arguing with someone can get very heated and sometimes you might feel that you are losing the argument before it starts. Being able to show that you understand their view will make you much more comfortable and you will feel like you are gaining control of the conversation. You should only argue with people you have a lot of respect for because you don't want to hurt their feelings by arguing with them.Usually you should only use one topic for each year that you do your dissertation. This will make your life easier as you won't have to worry about adding a new topic on to your topic list. The last thing you want to do is get into an argument about an unrelated topic as that will not help you in any way.The only exception to this rule is if you are still in the writing stage and you need to add a topic. However, if you need to add a new topic then try to choose one that will make it easier for you to talk about in class and will give you something that you can easily explain to the professor as long as you follow the proper writing guidelines.

My Major Problem

Decision-makingis something I struggle with. In fact, I'd much rather have someone else makedecisions for me. As I sat in a crowded information session at acollege last summer, I was again faced with the pressure of making a decision.The admissions officer asked each of us to give our name, hometown and intendedmajor. I looked at my mother with panic."A major?" I said."I can't even decide what socks to wear to school!" (Which is prettysad, since I wear a uniform.)As my turn to speak approached, myconfidence in saying I was undecided dwindled. Everyone before me had declared amajor. I watched the girl in front of me search the view book for some obscuremajor and realized I couldn't just say undeclared. So, when my turn came, Iapprehensively said, "I want to major in business." I could feel"liar" written all over my face.In the end, only one braveperson said she was undecided. I felt ashamed and thought, Why couldn't I havesaid that? The admissions counselor even commented that there are a lot of peoplewho are uncertain and that is why students have until the end of sophomore yearto decide.I have no idea what I want to do with my life. All I know isthat I don't want to do anything that involves blood or cutting people open. SoI've narrowed my list down to anything but medicine, which isn't really narrowingit down. I've been told many people start college with one major, and graduatewith a degree in something totally different.After my experience at theinformation session, I've learned not to be afraid of saying I'm"undecided." I know now that I am not the only one uncertain about myfuture studies, and although I'm still experiencing a "major" problem,I'm confident I'll find a solution.

Effects Of Anatomical Parts Of Ephedra Sinica - 1978 Words

Ephedra (Ma Huang) is a genus of plant, most commonly derived from the dried herbaceous stems of the Chinese species, Ephedra sinica (Figure 1a and 1b). The natural plant source produces six Ephedra alkaloids, chemicals which are considered to be the active constituents of the plant; ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, methylephedrine and methylpsuedoephedrine (Figure 2) (Veitch et al., 2013). The presence and concentrations of these alkaloids depends primarily on the plant species, origin, growing conditions, and the raw plant material processing, with most species largely containing ephedrine and pseudoephedrine (Haller et al., 2004). Metabolomic studies have shown that anatomical parts of Ephedra sinica have different therapeutic pharmacological effects and for this reason, have been used for different purposes in medicine. This was demonstrated by Lv et al (2015), who used GC-MS to compare the concentrations of Ephedra sinica in the stems (Ma Huang) and in the roots (Mahuanggen) of different plant samples. It was concluded that the pharmacologically important ephedrine alkaloids were present in higher quantities in the stems. This is why Ephedra herb, sold as dry stems of Ephedra sinica, has been used as a commercial source of ephedrine alkaloids worldwide, in particular Europe and America (Lee 2011). Ephedrine is a ÃŽ ²-phenylethylamine widely used as a sympathomimetic in herbal preparations. The structure of ephedrine possesses two

Mental Health Issues Concerning Refugees - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1982 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Refugees Essay Did you like this example? Refugees are at a higher risk for mental disorders than any other population. The Gale Encyclopedia of Public Health defines refugees as individuals who have been displaced from their home or native countries due to various reasons such as: war, drought, and natural disasters (Nienstedt). Refugees exposure to war, trauma, violence and extreme torture throughout premigration and during their escape makes them very susceptible to mental health issues. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Mental Health Issues Concerning Refugees" essay for you Create order Common mental health problems that affect refugees are post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety. There are very few programs in place to aid refugees with mental health disorders. The number of health care resources available to refugees is extremely limited, and within this limitation, the inability of medical professionals to appropriately treat immigrant trauma victims is becoming an increasing issue worldwide. The lack of resources and efforts to treat refugees and their mental health issues are the main contributing factor to high mortality rates due to suicide. Refugees are prone to a variety of different mental disorders. Laurence J. Kirmayer, MD, in an article from The US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, concludes that based on testing and analysis, refugees are at an extremely higher risk for psychiatric disorders than any other population worldwide. This increased risk stems from exposure to war, violence, torture, and forced banishment. Trauma as a result of torture is the leading cause of mental health disorders for refugees (Kirmayer et al.). Many other significant factors are contributing to mental health disorders that are often not considered. The Gale Encyclopedia of Public Health reveals that women are often victims of rape along with being victims of patriarchal and abusive gender-power schemas within many refugee camps. Sexual assault is a common occurrence in refugee camps and can cause detrimental issues concerning mental conditions (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder, stress, and anxiety) (Niens tedt). Writing for the Journal of Traumatic Stress, authors Joanne Haldane and Angela Nickerson from The University of New South Wales School of Psychology underscore the seriousness of this issue by revealing evidence which reinforces that interpersonal trauma, such as torture and sexual assault, is associated with a heightened risk for the development of psychological disorders among refugees (457). Haldane and Nickerson also write that there is a significant relationship between women who have endured interpersonal trauma and mental disorders such as PTSD and anxiety (460). Sexual assault can be an underlying cause of multiple different mental disorders present in female refugees brought upon by traumatic events. Immigrants experience horrifying and violent situations that can become burned into memory and create life-long problems. Fortunately, there are small strides towards a solution to the mental health crisis concerning refugees throughout the world, but much more still needs to be done. Nienstadt reports that refugees living in overfilled immigration camps receive emergency medical health care at best, meaning refugees are most likely not treated by physicians, but emergency medical professionals who do not address the full extent of refugees medical conditions. They also face many difficulties with health care resources outside immigration camps due to language barriers, financial issues, etc. (Nienstedt). The mental health crisis affecting refugees affects populations internationally. Immigrants in refugee camps are almost all completely dependent on international aid and charity, which is far too much for any host nation to handle. In an effort to solve this international financial issue, organizations such as The World Health Organization (WHO), the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the Disaster Mental Health Institute and the University of South Dakota have come together to form The Rapid Assessment of Mental Health Needs of Refugees, Displaced and Other Populations Affected by Conflict and Post-Conflict Situations Available Resources (RAMH). RAMH is considered a diagnostic tool that helps medical professionals and other personnel working in refugee support roles more effectively assess the mental health needs of refugees and other displaced persons (Nienstedt). RAMH is a solution to this financial problem because although there are huge costs to creating and maintaining international refugee programs, the loss of life due to suicide and medical consequences for refugees who are not receiving adequate mental health care cost nations even more money (Nienstedt). Writing for the World Health Organization, Mary Petevi, Dr. Jean Pierre Revel and Dr. Gerard A. Jacobs explain that, based on the results of the RAMH diagnostic tool, immediate and longer-term community based mental health programs can be formed for refugees suffering from a mental illness. Medical professionals closely involved in the analysis of the results will undergo proper training to expand their knowledge on mental health (8). The potential programs created based off of the RAMH results will hopefully increase the condition of immigrants mental health and help them adjust to postmigration life. These programs are a small step in solving the extreme mental health crisis, but there is still a large amount of work that needs to be done to resolve this issue and treat mental illnesses in victims of immigration. Along with prevention programs, there needs to be better access to health care and well-trained physicians. Mental health care is a specific, limited branch of health care and when granted, it is usually inappropriately given. The inability of medical professionals to appropriately diagnose and treat mental disorders is contributing to a large number of patients presenting. A significant problem associated with the quality of care given to refugees is the frequently present language barrier. Most immigrants do not fluently speak the language of the country they are migrating to which presents itself as a problem when trying to receive any health care. In a 2016 Health Evidence Synthesis Report, authors Stefan Priebe, Domenico Giacco, and Rawda El-Nagib, who are part of the World Health Organization, reveal that a mental health diagnosis was not made in more than half of all initial assessments of asylum seekers (11). This lack of diagnoses results from the inability to understand a patients symptoms and concerns through an interpreter, who can only hear a patients words, instead of underst anding what theyre feeling, which can lead to a false diagnosis. This poor language efficiency can negatively influence the effectiveness of psychological treatments (12). The treatments given to refugees can be inaccurate or unnecessary, but the language barriers do not allow medical professionals to accurately understand their patients symptoms to make a correct diagnosis. Although there is an abundance of information available on the issues associated with the language barriers, there is little information on solutions being created to fix these issues. Another major issue associated with the inappropriate treatment in mental health is the lack of trust most refugees possess for public health organizations. Priebe, Giacco and El-Nagib explain the reasoning behind this lack of trust in a Health Evidence Synthesis Report. Refugees are afraid to trust the medical professionals because of their premigration experiences of prosecution and/or a fear of being reported to authorities (12). This fear and mistrust can lead to patients withholding important information about medical issues and concerns out of fear, which can eventually lead to even worse consequences. On top of physician-patient issues, there are issues involved with physician care that desperately need solutions. Authors Ramin Asgary from the New York University School of Medicine and Clyde L. Smith from Harvard School of Medicine reveal that there are moral and professional obligations to train health professionals in treating trauma victims that the Convention Against Tortu re has set. However, physician training to treat trauma victims rarely ever occurs. Asgary and Smith estimate that only 6% of all medical students receive an hour or more of formal training regarding torture (3). Most refugees are victims of torture, so the revelation that only six percent of medical professionals have had the proper training to appropriately assess the refugee population is alarming and is a huge factor contributing to the high rates of suicide due to mental health. Mental health disorders, if not diagnosed and treated correctly, can lead to suicide. High suicide rates make it extremely important for medical professionals dealing with immigrant trauma victims to be adequately trained to assess and handle mental illnesses of all types, but this training is evidently not occurring. An article in The Atlantic written by Danielle Preiss supports this claim by explaining that many Bhutanese refugees that have migrated to the United States have committed suicide due to mental illness. Suicide became so frequent that the Federal Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) began to notice this pattern and performed extensive research on the deceased refugees with hopes of discovering the cause of this alarming number. By completing psychological autopsies on the deceased individuals, the ORR discovered that twenty-one percent of them had been struggling with depression. This is close to three times the amount of the regular United States population (Preiss). T hese numbers are evidence that the mental health issues of refugees are potentially linked to an increased mortality rate. Completion of proper training by mental health care professionals and creation of mental health programs could prevent suicides. This is just a small piece of evidence supporting the fact that something urgently needs to be done to help refugees through their mental health disorders and provide more effective treatments. Suicide should not be taken lightlyâ€Å"something drastically needs to change. Refugees are prone to mental health disorders more than any other population in the world. Within the research done on this topic, there was little to no mention of any international mental health policies concerning refugees. Various populations of refugees have been studied and, compared to general populations of different countries, refugees are at a much higher risk for a mental disorder. These findings should indicate a need for prevention and adjustment programs to new countries to avoid the onset of mental disorders, yet close to none are. Due to this inadequate amount of effort to prevent mental health disorders in refugees, mortality rates due to suicide have increased. Training programs need to be put in place for medical professionals treating refugees, along with the creation of international policies protecting refugees right to mental health care resources. These changes would significantly reduce suicide rates. There is not enough being done to decrease suicide rates; there are an estimated sixteen million refugees worldwide, and with the linkage to suicide rates there is the appropriate question of how many more refugee suicides due to depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, or anxiety need to occur in order for someone to stand up and do something about it. Works Cited Asgary, Ramin and Clyde L. Smith. Ethical and Professional Considerations Providing Medical Evaluation and Care to Refugee Asylum Seekers. American Journal of Bioethics, vol. 13, no. 7, July 2013, pp. 3-12. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/1526161 .2013.794876 Haldane, Joanne, and Angela Nickerson. The Impact of Interpersonal and Noninterpersonal Trauma on Psychological Symptoms in Refugees: The Moderating Role of Gender and Trauma Type. Journal of Traumatic Stress, vol. 29 no.5, Oct. 2016, pp. 457-465. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1002/jts.22132 Kirmayer, Laurence J et al. Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: general approach in primary care CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de lAssociation medicale canadienne vol. 183,12 (2011): E959-67. Nienstedt, Andrea. Refugee Health. Gale Encyclopedia of Public Health, edited by Gale, 1st edition, 2013. Credo Reference, https://proxy-lhup.klnpa.org/login?url=https:// search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galegph/refugee_health/0?institutionId=8905. Petevi, Mary, Dr. Jean Pierre Revel, and Dr. Gerard A. Jacobs. Rapid Assessment of Mental Health Needs of Refugees Displaced and Other Populations Affected by Conflict and Post-Conflict Situations. https://www.who.int. World Health Organization, n.d. Web. Preiss, Daniell. Bhutanese Refugees are Killing Themselves at an Astonishing Rate. The Atlantic, 13 April 2013, www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/04/bhutanese- refugees-are-killing-themselves-at-an-astonishing-rate/274959/ Priebe, S., D. Giacco and R. El-Nagib. Public Health Aspects of Mental Health Among Migrants and Refugees: A Review of the Evidence on Mental Health Care for Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Irregular Migrants in the WHO European Region. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2016. (Health Evidence Network Synthesis Report, No. 47.) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK391045/